A male at rest.
Parasitism. Bee flies are parasitoids of several species of ground-nesting solitary bees, including Andrena mining bees. Their larvae crawl into the bees' nests and feed on larvae of the host bee once it is fully developed. Only large populations of mining bees are able to sustain a parasitoid population, so the presence of the bee fly is an indicator of healthy mining bee populations.
Female loading her sand-brush
Egg shooting. Bee flies collect sand or dust at the tip of their abdomens (which looks a bit like a brush) to coat their eggs before laying, as the one above is doing. Why? It is unclear if it is to camouflage them or to make them heavier. Females lay eggs in a curious way. Instead of just getting into the bee nest to lay, they fly low over bee aggregations, and throw their eggs against dark spots resembling nest entrances, including shadows swinging their bodies against it. Bee flies can afford some inaccuracy when egg laying though, as females can lay thousands of eggs per day. Their unusual egg laying behaviour might have something to do with the fact that they are soft-bodied insects, and could be too susceptible to the bee's sting to actually risk a one-to-one confrontation with the female bee. This is how they do it, note the sand-brush at the tip of the abdomen:Mimicry. As their name strongly suggests, Bee flies are flies that look like bees, that is they are bee mimics like many hoverflies: they are similar in size to a honeybee, brown-tawny and as furry, with quite long hairs, as a bumblebee. It is unclear though if they mimic bees to get close to their nests unnoticed or to avoid predation from insect eating birds or other predators. Other mining bee parasites do not resemble bees at all (I'm thinking the wasp-like Nomada bees) and actually get inside nests to lay eggs.
Look into their eyes. You can tell male and female bee flies in the same way that hoverflies: males eyes are larger and actually meet a the top of the head, while in females they are smaller and separated by a hairy patch. This suggests that males use the sense of vision to look for females. Males actually hover in particular spots some times high up, near flowers, possibly to meet females.
male
female
Male feeding on Lungwort showing the fully extended tongue
Look at that tongue! One of the most impressive features of bee flies are their proboscis. These spear-like, non-retractable structure at the front of their head looks positively dangerous (like a giant mosquito!), however, it is harmless, its only purpose is to allow the fly to reach and suck nectar from flowers with deep, narrow corollas. Their mouth parts can be extended further as they feed to as long as their total body length.
A male feeding on grape hyacinth on Monday
Fantastic fliers. Bee flies are very fast and agile fliers, they hover a lot and can fly in any direction, including backwards. They don't settle to feed on flowers like hoverflies, instead, they behave more like a Hairy footed flower bee, or a Hummingbird Hawkmoth: their wings never stop moving when they feed from flowers, they are actually virtually invisible. They use their spindly legs to stabilise themselves in front of the flower. Males will hover at height, as many hoverflies do, and spin when they meet females.
Bee fly feeding on primroses on Monday
Pollinators. Bee flies feed on early spring flowers: Primroses, Grape-hyacinths, Forget-me-Nots, Violets, Lung-wort, Lesser Celandines and Wood Anemones. They will also feed on Blackthorn and sallows. Bee flies not only feed on nectar, they also consume pollen, with females feeding on pollen to a larger extent than males. They can be effective pollinators of these early plants.
A basking Bee fly yesterday.
Basking. Bee flies are active in warm, sunny days, and they like to bask to thermoregulate, sitting still, with their wings kept open at an angle. Then, you can try and identify the species as the wing patterns - hard to see in flight - can be diagnostic. The most common species, the large bee fly, Bombylius major, has a distinctive dark edge at the front of their wings.More information
An identification sheet of British Species by the BRC. Click here.
Natural History Museum page. Click here.
Boesi, Roberto, Carlo Polidori, and Francesco Andrietti. "Searching for the right target: oviposition and feeding behavior in Bombylius bee flies (Diptera: Bombyliidae)." Zoological Studies 48.2 (2009): 141-150.
Jacquemyn, Hans, et al. "Biological flora of the British isles: Primula vulgaris Huds.(P. acaulis (L.) Hill)." Journal of ecology 97.4 (2009): 812-833.
