The curious Autumn spider mating tactics

Female spiders tend to be larger than males. Large females are thought to be selected for as they can produce more eggs. The relative size differences between males and females depend on the type of competition between males, that is, on the importance of intra-sexual selection. When males do not compete much with one another they are smaller than females, whereas when there are male-male contests for females, then large males are selected for, and size differences with females become smaller. The spider, Metellina segmentata, is an orb spider common during September and October, when most mature individuals are found. Males are more powerfully built and have longer legs than females, suggesting that male-male contests occur in this spider. When young, males build their own webs to hunt insects, but upon reaching their final moult, they mature and start searching for female webs. Once they encounter a receptive female web - likely through detecting a pheromone - they adopt a curious sit and wait strategy. They have to wait, often days, until a large fly falls in the web. Only when the female starts eating the fly does he starts his courtship, taking advantage of the diminished cannibalistic tendencies of sated females. Of course, during this wait, other suitors might arrive to the female's web and when two males encounter each other fights follow. Males are often injured or killed in these fights, where the larger male has an advantage and this is what provides the selective pressure for powerfully built males.
 In addition, males are able to monitor several female webs when they are nearby and this results on males guarding webs becoming larger as the season progresses, and a pool of smaller wandering males.
 The mature female Metellina on the top photo has hung her web on a tomato plant since at least mid september. I haven't noticed any males but I shall keep an eye for these in the next days.

Reference
Prenter, J., Elwood, R., & Montgomery, I. (2003). Mate guarding, competition and variation in size in male orb-web spiders, Metellina segmentata: a field experiment Animal Behaviour, 66 (6), 1053-1058 DOI: 10.1006/anbe.2003.2266

Two white plate orb spiders

The garden is scattered with orb spiders, including the ubiquitous garden spider Araneus diadematus (above) sat in the middle of their webs during the day, and females, now laden with eggs, are very obvious. But there is a smaller species of orb spider can easily pass unnoticed despite being common in gardens, its the beautifully named, more delicate Metellina segmentata, also known as autumn spider (below). It has longer front legs, and there is a round empty space in the middle of her web. But days are shorter and the sun not as strong, and I miss natural light when taking photos. The orb spiders pose a challenge for my usual white bowl spider portrait technique: they are not walking spiders, and they are at their most comfortable hanging from their webs. So, for these shots of spiders in the garden I replaced my usual white bowl by a large white plate, which I carefully held behind each web while I took their portraits.